Feeling hopeless can up stroke risk in women
Writing in Stroke: Journal of the American Heart Association, the researchers have revealed that even healthy middle-aged women, when feeling hopeless, seem to experience the thickening of arteries in the neck, a precursor to stroke.
Linking hopelessness with negative thinking and the feeling of uselessness, they say that it affects arteries independent of clinical depression, and before women develop clinically relevant cardiovascular disease.
For their study, the researchers looked at 559 healthy women—average age 50, 62 percent white, 38 percent African American—who did not show any signs of clinical cardiovascular disease.
They measured hopelessness with a two-item questionnaire assessing expectancies regarding future and personal goals. Depressive symptoms were measured with a 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.
Thickness of neck arteries was assessed using ultrasound.
The researchers found consistent, progressive, and linear association between increasing neck artery thickness and rising levels of hopelessness.
They say that the overall difference in arterial thickening between women with higher versus lower hopelessness scores, about .02 millimetres (mm), was equal to about one year of thickening.
Those with the highest hopelessness scores had an average .06 mm greater thickening than those in the lowest group — a clinically significant difference.
This correlation remained after adjusting for any influence of age, race, income, cardiovascular risk factors, and depression.
"Previous studies have shown that hopelessness is associated with cardiovascular disease outcomes in men and also in women with documented heart disease.
However, this is the first study to suggest that hopelessness may be related to subclinical cardiovascular disease in women without clinical symptoms of heart disease and who are generally healthy," said Dr. Susan A. Everson-Rose, principal investigator of the study, associate director of the Program in Health Disparities Research, and associate professor of medicine.
"These findings suggest that women who experience feelings of hopelessness may have greater risk for future heart disease and stroke. In fact, our data indicate that hopelessness may be uniquely related to cardiovascular disease risk.
We did not see similar relations when looking at global depressive symptoms," Everson-Rose said.
The researchers used data from Chicago and Pittsburgh sites of the Study of Women''''s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) to examine associations of hopelessness, and depressive symptoms with carotid IMT, an early marker of atherosclerosis.
"The findings we observed are based on cross-sectional data — a snapshot in time — so we look forward to examining the longitudinal relations between hopelessness and heart disease risk in women," Everson-Rose said.
Source:Internet
